SHARKS: Great white sharks tagged near Cape Cod

Great White SharkImage by Greg Skomal via Flickr and Dot Earth Blog

Two great white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) were recently tagged off the Massachusetts coast by Division of Marine Fisheries biologist Greg Skomal and fisherman Bill Chaprales. In the western Atlantic Ocean, great white sharks are found from “Newfoundland, Canada to Argentina,” so finding great white sharks in Massachusetts’s waters isn’t unusual.

Furthermore, dramatic sightings of great white sharks aren’t unknown to the Bay State. In 2004, a female great white was found swimming in a shallow salt pond on Naushon Island (see images and videos of the magnificent beast below).

Great white sharks are a cosmopolitan species, so they’re not restricted to the Atlantic Ocean. For instance, a female great white that was tagged in South Africa “completed the first known transoceanic trip for an individual shark, traveling farther than any other shark known, more than 12,400 miles (more than 20,000 kilometers) to the coast of Australia and back again . . . in just under nine months, the fastest return migration of any swimming marine organism known.” Consequently, despite being well known in popular culture, there are still a lot of unknowns associated with great white sharks, so tagging these sharks is important to yield much needed data on the species.

The recent Massachusetts shark sightings has “prompted a swimming ban for the rest of the Labor Day weekend at some oceanside beaches in Massachusetts.” Earlier in August, “two kayakers reported that they saw what they believe was a great white shark attacking a seal off Chatham over the weekend, saying they observed a large black fin slicing through the water near a seal in distress.” More on the most recent great white shark sightings from the Boston Globe:

A local harpooner working with a state biologist placed electronic tags on two great white sharks today off the coast of Chatham.

“He did it in one shot,” said state biologist Greg Skomal, referring to harpooner Bill Chaprales, a fisherman from Marstons Mills who tagged the sharks. “We don’t swing the bat unless it’s a strike.”

The tags, which will use satellite-based technology to record the sharks’ travels, should give scientists information to help them better understand their migratory patterns.

Skomal and his team set out to identify the species of five sharks reported off the waters of Monomy Island Thursday and determined that at least one was a great white shark then. Today, they identified two more great white sharks.

Skomal, who heads the Division of Marine Fisheries shark research program, said Chaprales tagged the first great white around 9 a.m. near the southern tip of Monomoy Island and the second about a mile north of there at about 3:30 p.m. Chaprales estimated that the sharks weighed about 1,000 pounds apiece.

White sharks are not uncommon off the Massachusetts coasts, state officials said, and they urged swimmers and boaters to use caution.

In other news mentioning the great white shark, the Monterey Bay Aquarium recently supplemented its collection of marine creatures with a great white shark—the fifth since 2004, according to the Los Angeles Times:

It’s a female measuring only 5 feet 3 and weighing just 80 pounds, but she boasts the classic great white look and manner.

She was obtained off Malibu with the help of a spotter plane and commercial purse seiners and it’s hoped those who visit the aquarium to view the shark will come away with a greater appreciation for the embattled species.

The four previous white sharks, which were viewed by an estimated 2 million people, were tagged and released after stays of various length. Scientists tracked them as part of an ongoing monitoring project that also involves other white sharks that were tagged and released without spending time in captivity.

The last captive shark was released from the aquarium after only 11 days and tracked to the Channel Islands area. The previous shark, released after a five-month stay, was followed for an extended period as it swam to and past Cabo San Lucas, then up into the Sea of Cortez off Baja California, where it remained for weeks before its tag life expired.

Some videos and images from the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries of the 14-foot female great white shark found in a Cape Cod salt pond during 2004:



Great White3Great White5Great White4Great White2Great White

More great white shark images, videos, and press releases can be found at the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries. All images and videos are from the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries

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SUSTAINABILITY: To make beer, Tasmanian brewery grows all ingredients on site and recycles waste

The waste grain and hops, from making the environmentally friendly beer, are used as cattle feed, and the couple that run the operation—Ashley and Jane Huntington—have plans to market beer-fed beef. Beer-fed beef might sound odd, but the Japanese feed the “black Tajima-ushi breed of Wagyu cattle,” used to produce the famous Kobe beef, “a beer a day.” You can watch a video of the operation here or visit the couple’s website—The Two Metre Tall Company. From ABC Online:

It is thought to be the only beer in the nation made completely from ingredients grown on-site.

“We grow grain, barley and wheat. We’ve started to grow hops many heritage variety of crops and we get the water from either the sky or the Derwent River,” Mr Huntington said.

They have turned to century-old techniques, using an open fermenting process to keep the brew preservative-free.

“What we are I suppose is the first phase of the wheel turning back hopefully to a more sustainable food production model.”

He says recycling of ingredients on the farm makes their golden ale emission-free.

“Waste from spent grain goes back into the paddock, and all of the solid waste grain and hop residues are fed back to the beef cattle.”

“The only thing we emit from the farm is the occasional bag of rubbish,” he said.

Jane Huntington says the choice of feed is popular with their herd of beef cattle.

“The moment that tractor starts up, they come running,” she said.

The system has attracted the attention of Sydney’s Institute of Sustainablility which wants to develop the idea for the global market.

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WILDFIRES: Dried out brush, in addition to extreme drought, temperatures, and winds fuel Australian wildfires

The NASA image below shows plumes of smoke from wildfires (highlighted in red) burning in southeastern Australia, with witnesses describing a situation of “trees exploding and skies raining ash as some of the hottest temperatures on record combined with raging winds to create perfect conditions for uncontrollable blazes.” From NASA:

A crippling heat wave and strong winds in southeastern Australia contributed to an outbreak of forest and grassland fires in Victoria in late January 2009. By January 30, about 5,500 hectares had burned and at least 10 homes had been destroyed, reported the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). The homes were located in a small community near the town of Boolara. Nearly surrounded by wildfire, the town had also run out of water and lost power, said ABC News.

This image from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite was captured on January 30. A large plume of smoke spreads southward from a fire (outlined in red) that appears to be burning in a small area of forest west of Churchill (a larger town near Boolara) in Victoria’s Gippsland region. The forest is dark green in contrast to the surrounding grass or cropland. The fire, says ABC News, started as two blazes in plantation forests in the Strzelecki Ranges. The large version of the scene shows a wider area that includes several other fires.

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On the Net: The Indian Ocean or the so-called Indian Ocean Dipole might be the cause of Australia’s Drought

Image Found Here

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OCEAN ACIDIFICATION: Coral growth rates are the lowest in 400 years

great-barrier-reefOne of the world’s great natural wonders may be destroyed by 2050, as coral growth rates in Australia’s Great Barrier Reef decline.  It was recently determined that coral growth rates in the Great Barrier Reef were the lowest in 400 years. Coral growth is measured by counting density rings, which is much like counting growth rings in a tree. If the slow growth rate continues, there will be nil coral growth by 2050.

The reason for the current stunted coral growth is thought to be from anthropogenic ocean acidification, which is the result of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide via the burning of fossil fuels. Ocean acidification results as the ocean, which is part of Earth’s natural carbon cycle, absorbs more carbon dioxide, thus increasing world ocean acidity by “reducing ocean pH and carbonate ion concentrations, and thus the level of calcium carbonate saturation.” This increase in acidity impacts oceanic calcifying organisms, such as corals, and “experimental evidence suggests that if these trends continue, key marine organisms—such as corals and some plankton—will have difficulty maintaining their external calcium carbonate skeletons.” From the The Christian Science Monitor:

In mid-December, The Monitor ran a story on research showing that some areas of the world’s oceans are acidifying faster than marine scientists had predicted even three years ago.  The culprit: the excess carbon dioxide that human industrial activity and deforestation are pumping into the atmosphere — and that the oceans are absorbing. (That article came on the heels of another, more-general Monitor article on the topic a month earlier.)

Now comes word that corals along Australia’s Great Barrier Reef have been growing at an increasingly slow pace since about 1990. The process coral colonies use to build their crusty superstructures is called calcification; it’s fallen off by some 14 percent since ‘90, according to a study published in the journal Science on Jan. 2. (You need a subscription to get the full research paper.)

The decline is severe, sudden, and “is unprecedented in at least 400 years,” according to Glenn De’ath, a scientist at the Australian Institute of Marine Science outside of Townsville, Australia, who led the research team.

Dr. De’ath’s team says more work is needed to pin down the relative contributions among several possible causes, including pollution, warming ocean temperatures, and ocean acidification.  But the group says it sees warming temperatures and ocean acidification as leading candidates.

The reason? Declines in coral far offshore were comparable to those near shore, where reefs would be more strongly affected by nutrient or soil run-off from land.

Researchers are concerned about the issue worldwide because it undermines the ability of shell-forming marine creatures — many of which are key links in the marine food chain — to build their homes. And reefs are nurseries and havens for a range of creatures.


Photo source for attribution. The author or licensor of this image does not endorse my work or me and their image is protected under an attribution license.

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NEW SPECIES news

name-a-species1If you have the money, a new website allows just about anyone to name a newly described species, and naming a species in honor of another person might make a great gift. Part of the proceeds from naming a species is donated to the World Wildlife Fund to protect endangered species. From PR Web, WA:

The new site, located at nameaspecies.com, already features several species available to be named. People pay for the right to name a species and half of the proceeds go directly to the researchers, so that the scientific process and those who push it forward benefit from these sales. Additionally, another portion of the proceeds will be contributed to the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) as part of Name a Species’ mission to protect and celebrate the world’s biological diversity.

Possibly some fourteen species of snail, recently discovered and inventoried from the Australian Outback, may be new species. From Northern Territory, Australia:

The recent discovery of up to 14 new species of land snails in the Territory outback shows they may be slow, but they’re everywhere.

“Preliminary findings suggest the area is extremely rich in biodiversity, perhaps the hottest place in the Northern Territory,” said conservation scientist Dr Michael Braby.

There are a few newly described geckos being reported from Australia. From Mongabay.com:

Two species of gecko have been discovered in the southern deserts of Western Australia and South Australia, report researchers from the Western Australian Museum.

The Cape Range Gecko (Diplodactylus capensis) is found only on the Northwest Cape near Exmouth, while the Southern Sandplain Gecko (Lucasium bungabinna), occurs in the southern deserts in Western Australia and South Australia, north of the Nullarbor Plain.

bachia-oxyrhinaA new species of legless lizard has been described from Brazil. From Bloomberg:

The newly identified lizard that lives in the largest savanna area of South America, a region that makes up a fifth of Brazil, survives on small bugs, termites and ants in the soil, said Lisa Bowen, a spokeswoman for the Arlington, Virginia-based group.The native grasslands once covered an area half the size of Europe but are being cleared at a faster rate than the Amazon rain forest for cropland to meet the rising demand for soybeans, sugar cane and cattle, said Ricardo Machado, author of a study by the conservation group on the Cerrado.

Part of a separate evolutionary line from snakes, the new sand-colored species, like other limbless lizards, has external ear openings and lacks the cranial modifications that enable snakes to ingest very large prey, Bowen said today in an e-mail.

Seven new species of glassfrog were discovered in Ecuador. From Mongabay.com:

Seven previously unknown species of frog discovered over the past two years by Ecuadorian researchers are already under threat from habitat loss, reports a newsletter from the IUCN Amphibian Specialist Group.

The frogs belong to the Glassfrog family, a group that is endemic to tropical America and has more than 140 species, of which 40 percent are threatened with extinction due to disease and habitat loss.

Start combing your backyards, because a new species of lichen was discovered on a wooden fence in San Simeon, California. From Point Reyes Light, CA:

Kerry Knudsen walked up to an old corral near the visitor center in Bear Valley on a Thursday morning in July. Holding his magnifying hand lens, a 10-power jeweler’s loupe, to his eye, he looked at the wooden fence, and within five minutes knew he was seeing a lichen previously unknown to science.

The new species will be called Lecanora simeonensis, and its story began nearly two years ago on the weathered conifer wood of another abandoned corral in San Simeon. “The minute I saw it, I knew we didn’t have anything described like that,” recalled Knudsen, lichen curator at the Herbarium of University of California, Riverside. “I knew it was something new when I first saw it, and then the process is to find more of it.”

phobaeticus-chaniThe world’s longest insect, a new stick insect species, was named after a Malaysian naturalist. From the Independent, UK:

It lives high up in the rainforest canopy of Borneo, its eggs have tiny wings so they can glide from one tree to another, and now it has officially entered the record books as the longest insect species alive today.

A specimen of the stick insect Phobaeticus chani measures 56.6cm (22.3in) long with its legs fully stretched, which is more than a centimetre longer than the previous title holder, another stick insect called P. serratipes found in Malaysia.

Even without its long legs, P. chani has the longest body in the insect world, measuring 35.7cm, which is 2.9cm longer than the previous record holder, yet another stick insect from Borneo called P. kirbyi.

The specimen will go on display in the Creepy Crawlies gallery at the Natural History Museum in London. George Beccaloni, the museum’s curator of stick insects, said: “We’ve known about both the previous record holders for over 100 years, so it’s extraordinary an even bigger species has only just been discovered.

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Image Found Here

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